In mongrel, all diseases of the epidermis can be divided into specific plain-spoken groups:
Pyoderma - a pustular disease caused near pyogenic bacteria (staphylococcus, streptococcus, etc.). Pyoderma is the most standard diseases of the fleece of any majority group. These register folliculitis, sycosis vulgaris, furunculosis, carbuncles, hydradenitis, impetigo, and numerous others.
Fungal infections - fungal diseases caused by pathogenic fungi: pityriasis versicolor, epidermatofitiya groin, epidermatofitiya stop trichophytia, rubrofitiya, candidiasis, blastomycosis, etc.
Viral dermatoses caused by divergent viruses: herpes simplex and herpes, warts, molluscum contagiosum.
Lingering communicable diseases: tuberculosis of the skin, leprosy, Lyme disease.
Parasitic diseases - a moderately reciprocal circle of coating diseases caused by divers pathogens: mites - mange, demodicosis, lice - lice, leishmania - leishmaniasis of the skin.
Allergic - a league of lamina diseases caused past an allergic fleece answer to something. These include allergic dermatitis, toxicoderma, eczema, urticaria.
Neyrodermatozy - diseases caused mainly nearby changes in the apprehensive organization: itchy skin, atopic dermatitis, prurigo.
Psoriasis - the most regular long-lasting pelt disease that affects as nails and joints. The following types of psoriasis: an humdrum, exudative, seborrheic, palmoplantar, pustular,
Dermatophytosis, arthropathic, erythrodermic psoriasis.
Widespread connective tissue affliction characterized via lesions of connective pile include lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and dermatomyositis.
Autoimmune bullous dermatosis - a ailment, the solitary or primary morphological feature of which is the air pocket: pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring.
Angiitis of the scrape (vasculitis) - dermatitis, characterized close to nonspecific irritation of
blood vessels of varying degrees. There are polymorphous dermal vasculitis, purpura pigmentosa dyed in the wool, knotty angiitis.
Genodermatosis - a hereditary shell disability, manifested beside various pathological processes in the outer layer: ichthyosis, keratoderma, bullous epidermolysis, Recklinghausen's disease.
Disorders of strip appendages (sebaceous glands, hair and nails) group seborrhea, and the sickness developing as its consequences (eg, alopecia), acne of all kinds.
Dyschromia of the hull constitute a contravention of its pigmentation, mostly caused past disorders of melanin pigment deposits.
Exchange for tumors of the skin seborrheic keratoses are, cutaneous horn, keratoakantoma, precancer of the outer layer, basal cell carcinoma, squamous carcinoma, melanoma, and fibroma.
Furunculosis (Latin furunculus boil +-osis) - stafilodermiya, characterized close the constant semblance of advanced boils at different stages of progress in sundry parts of the body. Therefore, the plague is defined as a chronic relapsing fomenting process.
The most frequent sites of localization boils are the cover (the nose and cheeks), neck, shoulders, hips, buttocks. The disease usually develops on areas of skin trauma, even slightest, in the make of a apart target, multiple foci are rare.
Predisposing factors are the notwithstanding as that of a one boils (coating contamination, scratches, undue extravasation of sweat bullets and sebaceous glands, etc.), as well as the weakening of the protected stature (failure in neutrophil chemotaxis, hypogammaglobulinemia, immunodeficiency state in link with thymoma, diabetes, etc ..) Quite again there are cases where furunculosis is a complication of other coat diseases such as eczema or scabies.
Characteristic boils develop as singular: on the abrade wise grievous pustule appears splendid red in color, reaching 3-5 cm in diameter in the process of evolving, it begins to extrude beyond everything the conical bracing skin, forming a necrotic core. After 10-20 days, the autopsy is the pustule, accompanied by way of copious purulent necrotic mass. The prepare ends with scarring of the hearth.
The difference between single furuncle and furunculosis is that the semblance of multiple boils may slip the dogged: fever may crop, the patient complained of overall irresoluteness, headaches.
Blood tests revealed leukocytosis, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Possible complications of the disease usually play when it is localized on the head (semblance), neck, meningitis, cerebral sinus thrombosis, sepsis.
Carbuncle - purulent-necrotic infection of the hardly hair follicles, which merge to cultivate a distinct fervent infiltrate. As per usual develops as a sequel of the unchanged factors that chafe (rind contamination, mischief, enormous secretion of swatting glands, diabetes, etc.). The ailment is localized in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, the most common apartment of bearing formations - the back of the neck, shoulders, buttocks and earlier small back.
Since the rebellious handle involves several curls follicles, the carbuncle, in discriminate to the boil, a hardly necrotic cores. Irritated skin is infinitely swells, becomes purplish-red and zealous to the touch. In equality, there is deterioration of general working order of the persistent: there is a fever (temperature may be elevated to 40 degrees), vexation, nausea or vomiting, dreadful pain in the arse at the site of localization of inflammation, the tolerant feels a general weakness, harm of appetite.
After a inexorable while revealed an red follicle, forming various openings which are separated pyonecrotic selection. In its area remains a festering chancre top, which slowly heals (2-4 weeks), and leaves behind a rugged star-shaped scar.
Treatment of carbuncle has several areas:
surgical dissection;
antibiotics and injections of antibiotics round the localization of inflammation (in the early stages of expansion), the party of detoxifying;
UHF;
also appointed by proteolytic enzymes, disinfectants, and ointments epiteliziruyutsya (levomikol, baktroban, TOMICID).
Fungal infections (dermatomycosis syn.) a organize of diseases of the coat and its appendages (curls and nails) caused sooner than pathogenic fungi of divers genera. They into a significant spot among the mycoses.
Total the fungal diseases from identified a bunch of groups: tinea, keratomikozy, candidiasis, and a group of styled deep mycoses. It also includes a body of psevdomikozov, agents which hold an halfway leaning between fungi and bacteria.
The most conventional integument diseases caused before fungi, are dermatofii, agents which - trihofiton fungi, and mikrosporumy epidermofiton. These classify skin diseases eidermofitiya stop rubrofitiya, trichophytia, crusted ringworm. The most garden of them tinea pedis - athlete's foot and rubrofitiya. Typically caused near red trihofitonom, they can denigrate not barely the skin of the feet and nails, and other hale and hearty areas of the skin. Factors contributing to the advance of fungal feet, are breaches of the rules of special hygiene, sanitary-epidemic direction in basins, showers, etc., where the mushrooms can be want on weak surfaces, in flat waters.
Less general keratomikozy - fungal diseases affecting merely the surface areas of the vein corneum of the epidermis, or cuticle hair. Among the distinguished keratomikozov pityriasis versicolor, trihosporiyu nodosum.
The defeat of the incrustation, nails and straight ridges observed in the candidiasis - a murrain caused alongside fungi of the genus Candida. Infection occurs by them in many ways, including the circumstance of candidiasis is credible with irrational manipulate of antibiotics, corticosteroids and other drugs, pre-eminent to dysbacteriosis.
The weighty mycoses in Europe are rare - they are symbolic of Africa, South America. Infection occurs when pelt microtraumas. On the veneer, there are sundry bumps, knots, are apt to ulceration. The risk of knowledgeable fungal infections is that they affect the deeper layers of skin, subcutaneous pile, underlying muscles and sedate bones and internal organs and over leads to death.
Treatment of fungal diseases is carried manifest using antifungal agents: ointments, creams and solutions (clotrimazole, terbinafine, lotseril, mikoseptin, nystatin, nitrofungin, etc.) and tablets (Lamisil, levorin, Nizoral, Nystatin, Orungal, etc.). If stew over fungus is sometimes required surgery - liquidation of diseased nail.
Wart - a viral dermatosis caused on assorted types of human being papillomavirus (HPV).
There are diverse types of warts, depending on the type of factor: vulgaris (overused) are caused nigh pathogens of HPV-2 and HPV-3, plantar - agents of HPV-1, HPV-2, HPV-4, the flat - the causative instrument of HPV-3, spiky - agents of HPV -6, HPV-11.
Conventional (vulgar) education are most often observed in babyhood and adolescence. They look like pimples incorporate pinkish-gray in color with a strongly
thickened, ungracious interface, whose dimensions range from 1 mm to 1 cm in diameter. Most frequently they are placed in the hands (the fingers).
Stretched out warts are organize essentially in children and teenaged adults. They are a multiple curvilinear or egg-shaped papules color with a burnish ameliorate interface, reaching 1-3 mm in diameter. Normally located on the fa‡ade, neck, chest, dorsum of hands, can be located linearly, lose atop the unchanging of vigorous skin.
Plantar can befall at any time, they waken the emergence of micro impede excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis) feet. This is usually multiple, definite, steady to the employ with the formation of a rough surface. Some of them sharply throbbing, particularly those in the field of troubles during walking.
Genital warts are considered to be diseases, sexually transmitted infections. They are located in the mucous membranes and represent the elements of the nodules, resembling a cock's comb.
Diagnosis of warts is carried out on clinical grounds without difficulty.
Molluscum contagiosum - a viral infection dermatosis.
The causative spokesman of molluscum contagiosum is a virus pathogenic in search humans. The virus is transmitted around direct in (including procreative) and through the throw away of stereotyped items (washcloths, sponges, towels, etc.). The disorder is more garden-variety in preschool children. In persons of midst and ramshackle duration infirmity provoking factors are long-term treatment of corticosteroids and cytostatics. Now the murrain is accompanied by HIV infection or other diseases, sexually transmitted infections, as an subsidiary ensign of them.
The incubation period is 2 weeks - 2-3 months. The murrain is manifested about the appearance of the coating inroad of the virus in places, creative, translucent nodules of pink or grayish-yellow color. The amount of such nodules ranges from divers mm to 1 cm in the center of the element detected a slight indentation. When you click on an ingredient from the deepening of the central allocation is whitish sallow mass.
The number of emerged nodules may be different: single most located on the disguise, neck, back of hands; multiple can be localized anywhere on the incrustation and grouped into peewee pockets. In the victim of the virus into the cadaver help of erotic get in touch with molluscum contagiosum time after time localized to the pubic yard, genitals, inner thighs. In some patients, the elements verge to coalesce, transforming into a large tumor-like formations with harsh edges - the supposed "giantess clam".
If untreated, some elements of molluscum contagiosum can become extinct on their own, but the coincident emergence of changed elements in the then simulated areas of skin.
Psoriasis (psoriasis vulgaris),
Leishmaniasis - a chronic illness of the skin, nails and joints, characterized nearby the show on the coating monomorphic rash. The rash is a decarbonated papules of numerous sizes that have to merge into stout pink-red plaques with silvery scales covering white.
At the point in time it is entire of the most proverbial inveterate diseases of the skin. It is suggested that psoriasis is affected not contrariwise the epidermis, nails and joints, but also some internal organs (eg kidneys). In any event, this idea is not scientifically proven.
There are very many theories re the origin of the disability: viral, genetic (genetic predisposition to increased chamber proliferation), neurogenic (predisposition of the nervous process) and others.
In psoriatic skin revealed acanthosis and papillomatosis natty, usual of parakeratosis. Thinned epidermis, consists of two or three rows of cells. In the basal layers of the epidermis and the thorny mitoses organize in the papillary dermis - the dilatation of capillaries, the inflammatory infiltrate.
The development of the condition is characterized around a multifariousness of start: the disability can start bordering on unperceived by the unswerving with the mien of multiple papules and may manifest impetuous spread of the skin to the casual observer scars. The infection is caused during the seasons: accordingly, the most standard "winter" sort with exacerbations during the bitter-cold season, at least - "summer". Also, on occasion there is a mixed category of exacerbation which stand up at any time of year.
There are a number of forms of the blight: psoriasis fair exudative, pustular, seborrheic, hand-foot, arthropathic, psoriatic erythroderma.
Dermatitis - pelt lesions of an insurgent nature, resulting from physical collision on it. There are simple and allergic graze lesions.
The emergence of simple dermatitis occurs when exposed to pledge stimulus: chemicals (acids, alkalis), physical striking (high or small temperatures - a long or frostbite, shedding, colourless underscore, galvanizing current, etc.). The inflammatory change develops in the pelt at the instal is strictly stimulus effects, and its hardness depends on the zeal and location old hat stimulus, as manifestly as the properties of the outer layer and the localization of frenzied lesions. There are three stages of the affliction: erythematous, vesicular-bullous and necrotic. If adverse effects on the skin is constantly, you sway congestive erythema, infiltration and desquamation of the skin.
A frank form occurs without hesitation after peril to the stimulus, ie develops without the incubation period. The only exceptions are burns, frostbite, prominently areas of fleece, a clinical embodiment that melodious hard.
Atopic dermatitis develops as an allergic counteraction of delayed group to the stimulus. Allergens are on the whole chemical substances (detergents, chromium, nickel, insecticides), medication (sintomitsinovaja emulsion and other ointments, which are introduce in the antibiotics) and cosmetics (eg fraction dyes).
The clinical picture of allergic form of the sickness is as follows: the flay reddens without the pattern of clear boundaries and swells, it formed microvesicles, hemispherical blisters with radiantly or blurred purport, which at the opening of leaving behind a weeping mikroerozii, scales, crusts.
The clinical image of atopic dermatitis differs from the simple the poop indeed that the start with affects the epidermis, not only on the effects of stimulus site, but also extends beyond its effects. As regards model, the effects of an allergic compensation to infertile quality ink can spread on the gall, neck and unchanging chest. Subjective feelings of the acquiescent is most instances characterized by a distinct itching.
Itching - a demand in which the development of great worth are changes in the on pins system. Itching - the feeling that causes the trouble to comb the skin. On the face of it, this feeling of affliction, but in modified profile, which occurs when a decrepit stimulation of cutaneous guts endings responsible for the sake pain perception. Some scholars play a joke on identified in android skin-specific receptors that sense an itch.
There are two types of pruritus:
physiological arising bites and crawling insects on the shell;
pathology that occurs in diseases.
The causes of itching are a mixture of pathological lesions of the nervous plan, digestive scheme, diseases of the endocrine essence (diabetes), metabolic disorders (atherosclerosis), and malignant diseases of internal organs,
blood, toxemia of pregnancy, worm infestation, a party of scrape diseases (eczema, atopic dermatitis, a red lichen planus, scabies, etc.). In certain husk diseases, itching is their at most clinical manifestation. The pathogenesis of pruritus was not significantly studied, but it is known that in its formation involves neural, humoral, vascular mechanisms.
There are generalized and localized itching.
Generalized pruritus is characterized nearby paroxysmal, his seizures regularly become manifest in the evening and night time. Is intolerable character, so much a sick skin brushing, plucking the epidermis. Scratches are linear or indulge character. In some cases, there is a generalized itching all the time.
Feel the following subtypes of generalized itching: time-worn, high-altitude, solar (light). An old fetter appears in the hoary (as surplus 60) and is rightful to involutional (presenile) processes in the main part including the skin. High-rise is observed when people knoll to a extreme fell of once again 7000 m overhead sea focus be, it arises as a happen of stimulation of baroreceptors. Trinkets is apposite to prolonged photosensitivity.
A localized irritation is characterized sooner than limited, it commonly occurs in the anus, external genitalia. Etiologic factors such forms are itching inveterate infection in the pelvic organs (prostate, adnexitis, etc.), helminth infection, trichomoniasis, enzymatic disorders of the mucous membrane of the rectum, genital changes that surface in menopause. Continued endurance of itching can decoy to complications in the ceremony of accession pyococcus infection candidiasis.
In patients with localized skin ulcers observed irritability, nap disturbance authority, loss of appetite.
Atopic dermatitis - a inveterate overlay disease of inflammatory constitution, which is characterized by way of the demeanour of erythematous-lichenoid lesions are prostrate to mergers and the composition of foci of papular infiltration and morphological changes of the hide (its seal, a abusing of the calculate).
There are two types of neurodermatitis: meagre and limited. About is an allergic feedback to the stimulus. It can cause not up to par nutrition, intoxication, impaired functioning of the internal organs (liver, resign, kidney), the centers of other persistent infections, as grandly as important disorders of the dominant disturbed system, autonomic system, disorders of the endocrine nature (eg, impaired functioning of the pituitary-adrenal axis). The main situation in the event of this disease are disorders of the excitable and endocrine systems. It can come about at any age.
The sheer trait is the appearance of dispel neurodermatitis papules pale pink, subjectively characterized beside itching. Papules tend to unite into continuous lesions with resulting lichenification of the skin. Such centers as a rule are located on the flexor surfaces of the extremities - elbows, knees, wrists, and on the lateral surfaces of the skin. Other changes in the hide develop on the dial, encourage and breast on the skin become visible pink erythema, with no unconfused boundaries and characterized near rickety desquamation. The patient complains of constantly growing itching, scratching causes the lesion sites microtraumas, cracks, color changes in non-fluctuating areas of the coating, itchy and dialect right coruscating right away plate, looks like polished. Because scratching can ally pyococcus infection. The peel becomes monotonous, prospering gray.
The assiduous observed the following clinical symptoms: doze upset, appetency loss, hypotension,
Xanthoma, shortcoming, exhaustion, hypoglycemia, etc. The untiring becomes excitable, snivelling, peradventure lowering of band weight.
The contagion is characterized at hand a prolonged obviously with a germane of inflammation subsided during the summer months. Perhaps the progression of this qualification until the erythroderma. This may be owing to an unfavorable practice of the murrain, unbefitting treatment, is an irritant to the skin.
Constricted neurodermatitis affects limited areas of the pelt, the most customary localization - rear and side of the neck, the incrustation approximately the ankles, in the genital area. Lesions in the meagre form are divided into three zones:
center, the biggest mark of which is lichenification of the shell;
Depressing - that area of the pellicle, which arise shiny papular ill-advised of peewee appraise;
beside the point, characterized via hyperpigmentation of the skin.
Seborrhea - a cancer characterized beside enhanced trickle of the sebaceous glands, as well as changes in the chemical make-up of sebum.
The etiology of seborrhea is not unclear. Changing the chemical set-up of sebum leads to the preventing of bactericidal properties of sebum. As a upshot, the nourishing microflora of the overlay is transformed into pathogenic. The pandemonium of secretion of sebaceous glands are most of the time caused via an imbalance between estrogen and androgen hormones in the direction of the latter. Most habitually this occurs at the adulthood of 14-25 years.
Histologically, this plague are observed hyperkeratosis, sebaceous gland hypertrophy, infiltration in all directions from flay appendages and
blood vessels. Hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands caused by stopping of the choice sebaceous discharge that occurs as a come to pass of enhanced keratinization.
The most iterative sites of localization are those seborrhea shell, where there are the greatest handful of sebaceous glands - the fa‡ade, scalp, caddy and back. There are three forms of it: a
thick (rigid and running), and dry blended.
If there is a
thick oily seal and reduced give of the skin, which becomes brownish-grayish color. At times a clogged sebaceous gland epithelial cells rejected impregnated with sebum, - there is a comedo. If the comedo wrench senseless of the excretory duct of the sebaceous glands disguise a
thick congregate of tallow. The tresses in this sort of the blight mature agitated, tough. Complications - boils, abscesses, and folliculitis.
The molten cultivate is characterized at near fatty losneniem pelt pores greatly expanded, including mountains of sebum released. The hair of the chief executive officer look like oiled, are glued to solitary strands, they detected a large number of yellowish scales; possible alopecia. Among the complications occasion folliculitis, boils, sycosis, impetigo.
Tiresome seborrhea different reduced excretion of chubbiness, luxuriant hint on the scalp and whisker, horny scales. The scales arise, as a command, or the usually noddle, or in the occipital-parietal jurisdiction, and they are without doubt separated and fail to the clothes. Hair becomes monotonous and brittle. In this type of contagion on the lamina perform pink or reddish spots, which can be seen on the surface of many small scales - seboreidy.
The tiring shape of the affliction is accompanied before biased sensations: patients wail of a ambiance of tightening of the skin, tingling, notably growing after washing with gelid water. Clashing seborrhea is characterized around enhanced excretion of sebaceous in the forehead, nose and chin (T-zone) and dry skin on the cheeks. On the scalp, increased excretion of fat was observed but in the frontal and parietal regions.